please use english to introduce(介紹)keyboard history!!

Keyboard may refer to:

Alphanumeric keyboard, any keyboard that has both letters and numbers on it
Typewriter keyboard
Computer keyboard
Musical keyboard, a keyboard on a musical instrument
Keyboard instrument, such as the piano
Electronic keyboard, a keyboard instrument that uses electronics to produce sound
Chorded keyboard
IBM PC keyboard

See also

International keyboard layouts
Keyboard technology
Inventions Leading to the Computer Keyboard
A few key technological developments created the transition of the typewriter into the computer keyboard. The teletype machine, introduced in the 1930s, combined the technology of the typewriter (used as an input and a printing device) with the telegraph. Elsewhere, punched card systems were combined with typewriters to create what was called keypunches. Keypunches were the basis of early adding machines and IBM was selling over one million dollars worth of adding machines in 1931.
Early computer keyboards were first adapted from the punch card and teletype technologies. In 1946, the Eniac computer used a punched card reader as its input and output device. In 1948, the Binac computer used an electromechanically controlled typewriter to both input data directly onto magnetic tape (for feeding the computer data) and to print results. The emerging electric typewriter further improved the technological marriage between the typewriter and the computer.

鍵盤是指經過系統安排操作一臺機器或設備的一組鍵（如打字機、電腦鍵盤），主要的功能是輸入資料。






目錄[隐藏]

1 分類
2 歷史
3 QWERTY鍵盤
4 DVORAK式鍵盤
5 MALT鍵盤
6 參見



分類

字母數字鍵盤
打字機鍵盤
電腦鍵盤
IBM PC鍵盤
德沃夏克鍵盤
Optimus鍵盤
樂器鍵盤，例如：鋼琴鍵盤。
電聲樂器鍵盤，用於創作音樂。

歷史
最早的鍵盤可能是出現在17世紀初，那時的歐洲就有人發明了格式不太成熟的打字機，鍵盤就是應用在這些打字機上的。在1868年，被稱作「打字機之父」的美國人克里斯托夫·拉森·肖爾斯（Christopher Latham Sholes），獲得了打字機模型專利並取得打字機的經營權。隨後幾年，人們設計出實用形式的現代打字機並首次規範了鍵盤基本格局，即出現了現在的「QWERTY」鍵盤。但目前使用更廣泛的電腦鍵盤，人們通常稱為「keyboard」。


圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/thumb/6/62/Keyboard87.jpg/180px-Keyboard87.jpg



圖片參考：http://zh.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png
筆記本式電腦常用的87鍵鍵盤


圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/thumb/0/02/Keyboard01.jpg/180px-Keyboard01.jpg



圖片參考：http://zh.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png
「QWERTY」鍵盤的示意圖

QWERTY鍵盤


主條目：QWERTY
為什麼要將鍵盤規範成現在這種的「QWERTY」鍵盤按鍵佈局呢？這是因為，一開始打字機的鍵盤是完全按照字母順序排列的，而打字機是一個機械結構的打字機器，因此如果打字時速度過快，某些鍵的組合非常容易出現卡鍵問題。是克里斯托夫·拉森·肖爾斯（Christopher Latham Sholes）解決了這個問題，他發明了QWERTY鍵盤的佈局，他將最常用的幾個字母安置在相反方向，以此最大限度放慢打字時敲鍵速度，從而避免卡鍵。克里斯托夫·拉森·肖爾斯在1868年就這個設計申請了專利，1873年採取這種佈局的第一臺商用打字機成功地投放市場。
但是，實際使用時人們發現，QWERTY的鍵盤按鍵佈局方式非常沒有效率。例如：一般情況下人們慣用用右手，但使用QWERTY結果的鍵盤，確使左手負擔了57%的工作量。兩個小拇指及左無名指都是沒有力氣的手指，卻要頻頻要使用它們。使用率僅占整個打字工作的30%左右的字母排被放在了鍵盤的中列，因此，為了打一個單詞，人們經常需要上下往複移動手指。
在1888年全美舉行了公開的打字比賽，一個叫做馬加林的法院速記員按照明確的指法分工進行盲打，速度非常快，而且錯誤僅有萬分之三，使在場人都驚訝不已。據記載，當時馬加林得到的獎金是500美元, 從這以後很多人開始效仿這種打字方法，盲打技術在專業打字領域大行其道，在美國也開始出現了專門培養打字員的學校。

DVORAK式鍵盤


主條目：德沃夏克鍵盤
（DVORAK式鍵盤）
由於上述的盲打技術的廣泛使用，打字機的打字速度基本可以滿足日常工作的需要了。然而，一個叫德沃拉克（Dvorak）的華盛頓人在1934年，又發明了一種新的鍵盤排列方法。這種設計的鍵盤使左右手能交替敲擊鍵盤，可以縮短一半的訓練周期，平均打字速度也提高了約1/3。DVORAK式鍵盤佈局原則是：一、盡量讓左右手交替來擊打鍵盤，避免單手連擊；二、將越排擊鍵平均移動距離盡量縮短；三、將最常用到的字母排列在導鍵的位置上。


圖片參考：http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/thumb/7/73/Keyboard02.jpg/180px-Keyboard02.jpg



圖片參考：http://zh.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png
「DVORAK」鍵盤的示意圖
Windows中已經內置了對「DVORAK」鍵盤的支持，點擊「控制面板－鍵盤」，進入「輸入法區域設置」選項，接著單擊「添加」按鈕，將「輸入法區域設置」設置為「英語（美國）」，並在「鍵盤佈局/輸入法」欄內找到「美國英語-DVORAK」，確認後，便變成「DVORAK」鍵盤。

MALT鍵盤
後來，莫爾特（Lillian Malt）又設計了比「DVORAK」鍵盤更加合理、高效的「MALT」鍵盤。莫爾特改變了原本交錯的字鍵行列，「後退鍵」（Backspace）及其它原本遠離鍵盤中心的鍵更容易觸到，打字時拇指的使用頻率也更高了。但「MALT」鍵盤並沒能得到廣泛地應用。
到了20世紀中葉，鍵盤又多了一個用武之地——作為電腦的基本輸入設備。

參見

鍵盤樂器

The invention of the computer keyboard begins with the typewriter.
The invention of the modern computer keyboard began with the invention of the typewriter. Christopher Latham Sholes patented the typewriter that we commonly use today in 1868. The Remington Company mass marketed the first typewriters starting in 1877.

Inventions Leading to the Computer Keyboard
A few key technological developments created the transition of the typewriter into the computer keyboard. The teletype machine, introduced in the 1930s, combined the technology of the typewriter (used as an input and a printing device) with the telegraph. Elsewhere, punched card systems were combined with typewriters to create what was called keypunches. Keypunches were the basis of early adding machines and IBM was selling over one million dollars worth of adding machines in 1931.
Early computer keyboards were first adapted from the punch card and teletype technologies. In 1946, the Eniac computer used a punched card reader as its input and output device. In 1948, the Binac computer used an electromechanically controlled typewriter to both input data directly onto magnetic tape (for feeding the computer data) and to print results. The emerging electric typewriter further improved the technological marriage between the typewriter and the computer.


Video Display Terminals
By 1964, MIT, Bell Laboratories and General Electric had collaborated to create a computer system called Multics; a time sharing, multi-user system. Multics encouraged the development of a new user interface, the video display terminal. The video display terminals (VDT) combined the technology of the cathode ray tube used in televisions and electric typewriters. Computer users could now see what text they were typing on their display screens making text easier to create, edit and delete, and computers easier to program and use.

Computer Keyboards Send Direct Electronic Impulses
Earlier computer keyboards had been based either on teletype machines or keypunches. There were many electromechanical steps in transmitting data between the keyboard and the computer that slowed things down. With VDT technology and electric keyboards, the keyboard's keys could now send electronic impulses directly to the computer and save time. By the late ‘70s and early ‘80s, all computers used electronic keyboards and VDTs. Nevertheless, the layout of the computer keyboard still owes its origin to the inventor of the first typewriter, Christopher Latham Sholes who also invented the QWERTY layout. However, the computer keyboard does have a few extra function keys.