Integrated Humanities o既問題

1)Open- door policy=門戶開放政策

The policy means that China allowed foreign countries, e.g. Britain to trade with domestic merchants. However, it was not working during that time because thr Chinese only sold goods (e.g. tea leaves) but never purchased. To solve the trade deficit, the foreign merchants, especially from Britain sold opium to China and revised the deficit into surplus.

2)Satellite town=新市鎮

新市鎮，又稱為衛星城或衛星城市，指一主要都市的市中心以其中心向四方擴張發展、事先經過周密計劃所興建的新城市或是大型社區。新市鎮通常位於城市的郊區，主要目的是解決和舒緩市中心過多的人口和由此而產生出來的種種社會問題。

The Open Door Policy is a concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, nationals of all countries should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights. As a theory, the Open Door Policy originates with British commercial practice, as was reflected in treaties concluded with China after the Opium War (1839-1842). Although the Open Door is generally associated with China, it was recognized at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo basin.

As a specific policy with regard to China, it was first advanced by the United States in the Open Door Notes of September-November 1899. In 1898, the United States had become an East Asian power through the acquisition of the Philippine Islands, and when the partition of China by the European powers and Japan seemed imminent, the United States felt its commercial interests in China threatened. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China.

In reply, each nation evaded Hay's request, taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, by July 1900, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle. Although treaties made after 1900 refer to the Open Door Policy, competition among the various powers for special concessions within China for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, foreign trade ports, and so forth, continued unabated.



A satellite town or satellite city is a concept of urban planning, although many satellite cities and towns appeared spontaneously near many metropolises. It may involve consciously planned cities to act as spiller or dormitory towns. Satellite cities are involved in the urbanism plans of Brasília, Singapore and Canberra. In Hong Kong, satellite towns are also new towns.