過三關這遊戲始於何時？是哪個國家發明的？

過三關這遊戲始於何時？是哪個國家發明的？
Noughts and Crosses is a game that has been played for several centuries - even if it's precise history seems unknown. The game has become known (perhaps more popularly) as Tic Tac Toe in American English.
It may be that the ancient Roman game of Terni Lapilli was an identical game although the evidence is somewhat mixed.
井字過三關，又名過三關、打井、井字遊戲、井字棋、OX棋，是個紙筆遊戲。
這種遊戲的變化簡單，常成為博弈論和賽局樹搜尋的教學例子。這個遊戲只有765個可能局面，26830個棋局。如果將對稱的棋局視作不同，則有255168個棋局。
由於這種遊戲的結構簡單，早期這遊戲就成為了人工智慧的一個好題目。學生都要從既有的玩法中，歸納出遊戲的致勝之道，並將策略演繹成為程式，讓電腦與用戶對奕。
世界上第一個電腦遊戲，1952年為EDSAC電腦製作的OXO遊戲，就是以該遊戲為題材，可以正確無誤地與人類對手下棋。

The History of Noughts and Crosses
Tic-tac-toe, also called noughts and crosses, hugs and kisses, and many other names, is a pen-and-paper game for two players, O and X, who take turns to mark the spaces in a 3×3 grid. The player who succeeds in placing three of their own marks in a horizontal, vertical or diagonal row wins the game.
(The history of Tic Tac Toe)
Noughts and Crosses is a game that has been played for several centuries - even if it's precise history seems unknown. The game has become known (perhaps more popularly) as Tic Tac Toe in American English.
It may be that the ancient Roman game of Terni Lapilli was an identical game although the evidence is somewhat mixed. It is certainly true that identical grids to the noughts and crosses grid have been found scratched and etched into surfaces all over the ancient Roman empire.
However not a single Nought or Cross has been found to confirm the link. It seems probable that Terni Lapilli was played with simple pieces and may have been played with the same rules.
http://www.puzzle.ro/en/play_tictactoe.htm
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E5%AD%97%E9%81%8E%E4%B8%89%E9%97%9C


2007-01-07 22:37:34 補充：
Terni Lapilli 的介紹http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/roma/terni.html

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