吸煙的壞處(English )Please please/.............

因字數的關係，
你可到這裏看英文：

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_smoking
中文：
吸煙者及被動地吸二手煙者也會吸入數百種有害化學物質,吸煙 除了引致口氣、牙漬、咳嗽、痰多或喉部不適,更會引致,各種病癥,增加患陽痿的機會及癌症。

減低血液攜氧能力
容易血凝塊阻塞血管，血管其閉塞、引起心肌梗塞、心臟病
增加患陽痿的機會
減少精子數目 (比非吸煙者平均少二十個百分比)
精子畸形的機會會較常人高出一倍
增加伴侶流產和胎兒畸形的機會
咽喉癌、鼻咽癌、肺癌、食道癌、膀胱癌、腎癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、肝癌、頸癌、血癌、乳癌等
吸煙行為其實同時損害吸煙者及附近被動地吸二手煙者的健康。
http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B8%E7%85%99&variant=zh-hk
以上就是吸煙帶來的影響。

Cigarette smoking has long been suspected to be associated with a variety of oral conditions including periodontal disease, bone loss, tissue loss, tooth loss, edentulism, peri-implantitis and dental implant failure.

Nicotine in tobacco has been shown to reduce the blood flow in the mouth. Pipe smoking can be worse than cigarettes due to the higher temperatures generated in the upper jaw. Not only is smoking detrimental to implants, it is also bad for conventional bridgework.


Periodontal Disease
Twenty years of research shows that cigarette smoking is probably a true risk factor for periodontitis. A smoker is 2 to 3 times as likely to develop clinically detectable periodontitis. In addition to increased prevalence, smokers also experience more severe periodontal disease.

Bone and Tissue Loss
A study examining the effect of oral-burn syndrome on dental implants indicated that there is a direct link between oral tissue loss and smoking.1 In addition, smoking had a significant impact on bone loss.7

Tooth Loss and Edentulism
Tooth loss and edentulism is more common in smokers than in non-smokers.4 Tooth loss in older adults occurs because of increased exposure to pathogenic bacteria.2,6 Smoking also predisposes patients to develop more severe periodontal disease.2,6

Peri-Implantitis
The formation of deep mucosal pockets with inflammation of the peri-implant mucosa around dental implants is called peri-implantitis. Smokers treated with dental implants have a greater risk of developing peri-implantitis. This condition can lead to increased resorption of peri-implant bone. If left untreated, peri-implantitis can lead to implant failure. In a retrospective study conducted at the University of Vienna, the peri-implant tissue of smokers and non-smokers was compared. The smokers showed a higher score in bleeding index with greater peri-implant pocket depth and radiographically discernible bone resorption around the implant, particularly in the maxilla.8

Dental Implant Failure
Many research studies have shown that smoking can lead to higher rates of dental implant failure. 3,4,5,6 Senerby and Roos discussed determinants for success in osseointegrated oral implants, confirming that smoking may lead to higher implant failure rate.3