請提供血癌的資料、成因、症狀等，越多越好。因為我要做bio project，最好用英文la，thx

血癌又稱白血病。

白血病是因為白血球前驅細胞因不明原因的影響造成異常增生所致。

急性白血病之特點是骨髓為同一型的不成熟白血病細胞所佔據, 週邊末梢血液中亦見類似的變化。

慢性白血病時, 雖然不成熟的異常白血球增加, 但成熟的各階段白血球亦多。

在兒童較常發生的白血病為急性淋巴性白血病(ALL), 和急性非淋巴性白血病(ANLL)。慢性白血病較少見。


症狀與病徵
貧血:紅血球減少, 血紅素降低, 臉色蒼白, 容易疲勞倦息。

容易出血:如流鼻血、口腔牙齦出血、皮膚出現瘀斑, 血小板減少。

不明原因發燒:由於白血病細胞迅速生長、轉換及破壞, 使新代謝亢進之故。

無痛性的淋巴結腫大: 通常發生於頸部、腋窩或鼠蹊部。

體重減輕或生長停滯。

骨頭疼痛:白血病因骨髓膨脹, 骨膜受到拉伸, 遂引起疼痛。此疼痛尤其是在膝蓋的上 下方最明顯, 常被誤為關節炎。另胸骨壓迫亦頗常見。

器官腫大:快速增加的白血病細胞, 侵犯到肝臟、脾臟造成肝脾腫大, 而淋巴腺、胸腺、 腦膜、生殖腺、腎臟等, 亦可見白血病細胞之侵潤。


白血病初期的症狀常和一般常見的兒童疾病類似, 例如食慾減退、發燒、疲倦, 所以初期不容易由外觀診斷。


The blood cancer is also called the leukaemia.

The leukaemia is because the leucocyte forerunner's cell results from the reason that the influence of the unidentified reason causes unusual hyperplasia.

The characteristic of the acute leukaemia is that the bone marrow is occupied by unripe leukaemia cell of the same type, also see the similar change in the blood in peripheral tip .

At the time of the chronic leukaemia, though the unripe unusual leucocyte increases, leucocytes are many at every ripe stages.

At children's acute lymph leukaemia (ALL ) than leukaemia that often takes place, it is not the lymph leukaemia (ANLL ) to be and acute. The chronic leukaemia is relatively rare .

The symptom and disease seeking
Anaemia: The red blood cell reduces, the ferroheme is reduced, pale, it is apt to stop tiredly and tiredly.

It is apt to bleed: Nosebleed , oral cavity gums bleed, the skin present the silt spot such as flowing, the blood platelet reduces.

The unidentified reason has a fever: Because the leukaemia cell is grown, changed and destroyed rapidly, the reason making the new supersession hyperfunction.

Painless lymph gland is swelling: Usually happen in the shank , armpit or groin department.

The weight lightens or grows and stays cool.

The bone pains: The bone marrow of cause of disease of white blood expands , the periosteum is drawn , then cause the pain . Pain this especially on the top and foot of knee most obvious, the arthritis by mistake often. It is also quite common that another brestbone is oppressed.

The organ is swelling: The leukaemia cell increased fast, it causes the liver splenomegaly to infringe to the liver , spleen, and lymph gland , chest gland , meninx , gonad , kidney,etc., the ones that also can see leukaemia cell are invaded moistly .


Often and generally common children's disease is similar in the symptom in initial stage of leukaemia, for example the appetite fail, has a fever, tired, so difficult to be diagnosed by the appearance in initial stage .

血癌= Leukaemia
lots of information in the below web site
see see

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukaemia

and

http://www.ccf.org.hk/leaflet/all4.htm



Leukemia (leukaemia in British English) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). It is part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms.

Four major types

Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases.



Acute vs. chronic
Leukemia is clinically and pathologically split into its acute and chronic forms


Acute leukemia is characterized by the rapid growth of immature blood cells. This crowding makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells. Acute forms of leukemia can occur in children and young adults. (In fact, it is a more common cause of death for children in the US than any other type of malignant disease.) Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemias due to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which then spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body. If left untreated, the patient will die within months or even weeks.

Chronic leukemia is distinguished by the excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, blood cells. Typically taking months to years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood. Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can theoretically occur in any age group. Whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy.


Lymphoid vs. myeloid
Furthermore, the diseases are classified according to the type of abnormal cell found most in the blood.


When leukemia affects lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells), it is called lymphocytic leukemia.

When myeloid cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils) are affected, the disease is called myeloid or myelogenous leukemia.


Prevalence of the four major types
Combining these two classifications provides a total of four main categories:


Acute lymphocytic leukemia (also known as Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, or ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also affects adults, especially those age 65 and older.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (also known as Acute Myeloid Leukemia, or AML) occurs more commonly in adults than in children. This type of leukemia was previously called acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) most often affects adults over the age of 55. It sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) occurs mainly in adults. A very small number of children also develop this disease.
The most common forms in adults are AML and CLL, whereas in children ALL is more prevalent.

Leukemia (leukaemia in British English) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). It is part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms.

[edit] Symptoms
Damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal marrow cells with increasing numbers of malignant cells, results in a lack of blood platelets, which are important in the blood clotting process. This means people with leukemia may become bruised, bleed excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds (petechiae).

White blood cells, which are involved in fighting pathogens, may be suppressed or dysfunctional, putting the patient at the risk of developing infections.

Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to anemia, which may cause dyspnea. All symptoms may also be attributable to other diseases; for diagnosis, blood tests and a bone marrow biopsy are required.

Some other related symptoms

Fever, chills, and other flu-like symptoms
Weakness and fatigue
Loss of appetite and/or weight
Swollen or bleeding gums
Neurological symptoms (headache)
Enlarged liver and spleen

[edit] Four major types
Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases.


[edit] Acute vs. chronic
Leukemia is clinically and pathologically split into its acute and chronic forms

Acute leukemia is characterized by the rapid growth of immature blood cells. This crowding makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells. Acute forms of leukemia can occur in children and young adults. (In fact, it is a more common cause of death for children in the US than any other type of malignant disease.) Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemias due to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which then spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body. If left untreated, the patient will die within months or even weeks.
Chronic leukemia is distinguished by the excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, blood cells. Typically taking months to years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood. Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can theoretically occur in any age group. Whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy.

[edit] Lymphoid vs. myeloid
Furthermore, the diseases are classified according to the type of abnormal cell found most in the blood.

When leukemia affects lymphoid cells (lymphocytes and plasma cells), it is called lymphocytic leukemia.
When myeloid cells (eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils) are affected, the disease is called myeloid or myelogenous leukemia.

[edit] Prevalence of the four major types
Combining these two classifications provides a total of four main categories:

2006-12-20 16:18:42 補充：
Contents [hide]1 Symptoms 2 Four major types 2.1 Acute vs. chronic 2.2 Lymphoid vs. myeloid 2.3 Prevalence of the four major types 3 Causes and Risk Factors

2006-12-20 16:19:07 補充：
Contents [hide]1 Symptoms 2 Four major types 2.1 Acute vs. chronic 2.2 Lymphoid vs. myeloid 2.3 Prevalence of the four major types 3 Causes and Risk Factors

2006-12-20 16:19:35 補充：
4 Treatment Options for Leukemia by Type 4.1 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) 4.1.1 Initial treatment of AML 4.1.2 Follow-up treatment 4.1.3 Consolidation or maintenance therapy 4.2 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) 4.3 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

血癌成因及治療方法

近日有朋友入醫院, 20多年歲青年竟患上血癌,初時甚覺奇怪, 原來血癌又稱白血病或白血球過多症，是很常見的兒童癌病。

血癌可分為三類:急性淋巴細胞性血癌,急性非淋巴細胞性血癌，及慢性骨髓血癌。

血癌的起因可能與過量的輻射感染有關,或者與致癌的過濾性病毒或藥物有關。但是,大多數血癌的病因都是不明。

血液是由骨髓製造的, 在生產血液的過程中出現毛病，不停製造不正常的白血球，相對令正常的白血球數量減少。病人的抵抗力亦會減少，很容易受到細菌感染， 例如喉嚨痛或肺炎等疾病。

另外癌細胞會影嚮骨髓而做成紅血球和血小板不足，紅血球不足，病患者很可能會出現貧血現象，例如面青唇白，或容易疲倦和氣喘，而血小板不足，病患者皮膚偶有碰撞就會呈現紅瘀，亦可能會有流牙血和大便帶血的現象。

所以此病常見有以下病徵:-

1.常有發熱，喉嚨及口腔發炎。2.臉色蒼白，容易疲倦和氣喘。3.手腳呈現紅瘀，容易流鼻血及牙血。

4.易受細菌感染。5.淋巴腺腫脹。6.胃口不振,身體消瘦。

血癌可通過驗血, 抽骨髓, 脊骨髓檢查, X光等檢查以確定是否患上血癌。

治療方法

血癌的治療方法主要靠抗癌藥物,口服或注射等方式進行,部分患者可能需進行電療。不過使用抗癌葯物，會有副作用，因為抗癌葯物一方面消滅癌細胞,另一方面亦會損害正常骨髓組織。

骨髓移植手術是另一種可以治療血癌方法,但骨髓的類型，需要捐出人士的骨髓和病者相同， 才可以有理想效果

中西合璧

血癌已非絕症，患病者如果用抗癌藥物，再加上食療輔助，痊癒機會比較高。

食療輔助

白花蛇草滾豆腐,

吉林參、麥冬，加瘦肉煎湯調補過分虛弱的體質,

北蓍, 杞子,大棗，加瘦肉、鮑魚煲湯都有補氣活血功效 ,

冬菇茶也有相當好的抑制癌細胞作用,用猴頭菌做更好,

雪耳白花蛇草湯加肉煲,

半枝蓮煲龜湯加土茯苓, 茅根,抑制癌症也相當有效, 但火路要足。

長春花

長春花是治血癌的藥引， 中國很多藥廠都從長春花中提取出長春花鹼，可用來醫治癌症，對血癌則特別有效。長春花,配白花蛇草和金銀花，煲好當茶飲，對血癌患者有一定幫助。

以上食療方法只對部份人士有效,可能會影響病情, 選用時須請教中醫師o

新藥發展

美國梅奧診所的研究人員發現，綠茶中的一種成分有助於消滅在美國最常見的血癌細胞。這項研究利用實驗室培養的細胞顯示，綠茶中"EGCG"的成分通過干擾血癌細胞生存所需的信號傳遞幫助消滅血癌細胞。

理大應用生物及化學科技學系助理教授鄧焯安介紹﹐經過約四年的研究發現﹐中草藥皂莢的濃縮液具有抗癌特性﹐在實驗室的環境通過了西方抗癌研究的機理測試﹐證實可有效抑制血癌及數種人類固體腫瘤﹐包括乳癌﹑肝癌﹑前列腺癌等癌細胞的生長。