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Law comes into almost every area of life. There are laws about how people work with one another, how we trade and how we own things. Laws can enable people to run a business and laws can restrict how businesses are run. Laws create and regulate schools, hospitals and public utilities. Laws can remove people from society for their crimes, laws can create bridges between different societies and there are laws about elections for who represents society. There are even laws about how to make laws. "The rule of law," wrote the philosopher Aristotle in 350BC, "is better than the rule of any individual."[4][1]
The study of law raises important questions about equality, fairness and justice. In most countries professionals are trained in the law to give people advice about their legal rights and duties and represent them in court. Legal rights and duties can be, and often are complicated. But there is a rich history to law, with deep philosophical ideas underpinning it. Intense political battles are fought to create law and pressing economic issues are raised by it. Despite the complexity, law proves highly rewarding. The word law derives from the late Old English lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed.[5] [2]
Legal subjects
Law is usually learnt in different subjects. For example, in England, knowledge of seven core subjects is required to practice law. These are criminal law, contract, tort, property law, equity and trusts, constitutional and administrative law and European Community Law. All legal systems deal with the same issues, although different names may be given. For instance in civil law systems contract and tort would fall under a general law of obligations and trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions. Outside Europe international law may focus on different regional agreements, such as NAFTA, SAFTA CSN, ASEAN or the African Union. But it is the unity and the things that all legal systems have in common, not the differences, that is the most remarkable feature of law in today's world.
Criminal law is the most familiar kind of law that we hear about from the papers, or news on TV, despite its relatively small part in the legal whole. A crime is committed, when somebody has both the mens rea (guilty mind) and commits an actus reus (guilty act). If somebody maliciously intends to harm another, that is the mens rea. An actus reus simply means hurting a person or their belongings. There can be many different kinds of crime, from murder, to assault, to fraud, to theft.
In some areas, criminal law is moving towards strict liability for some types of harm. In the case of environmental harm, or corporate manslaughter, where big businesses are controlled by an individually culprit, criminal sanctions can still be used. Some industrialised countries still have capital punishment and torture for criminal activity, but the normal punishment for a crime will be imprisonment, fines, or community service. On the international field, most developed countries have signed up to the International Criminal Court, which was set up to try people for crimes against humanity.
Contract is based on the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda (literally, promises must be kept). Almost everyone makes contracts everyday. Contracts can be made orally, like buying a newspaper, or in writing, like signing a contract of employment. Sometimes formalities, like writing, are required to create a contract, like buying a house[3].