what's 法律?

2006-12-16 10:10 pm
what's 法律?

回答 (2)

2006-12-16 10:16 pm
✔ 最佳答案
Law comes into almost every area of life. There are laws about how people work with one another, how we trade and how we own things. Laws can enable people to run a business and laws can restrict how businesses are run. Laws create and regulate schools, hospitals and public utilities. Laws can remove people from society for their crimes, laws can create bridges between different societies and there are laws about elections for who represents society. There are even laws about how to make laws. "The rule of law," wrote the philosopher Aristotle in 350BC, "is better than the rule of any individual."[4][1]

The study of law raises important questions about equality, fairness and justice. In most countries professionals are trained in the law to give people advice about their legal rights and duties and represent them in court. Legal rights and duties can be, and often are complicated. But there is a rich history to law, with deep philosophical ideas underpinning it. Intense political battles are fought to create law and pressing economic issues are raised by it. Despite the complexity, law proves highly rewarding. The word law derives from the late Old English lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed.[5] [2]

Legal subjects
Law is usually learnt in different subjects. For example, in England, knowledge of seven core subjects is required to practice law. These are criminal law, contract, tort, property law, equity and trusts, constitutional and administrative law and European Community Law. All legal systems deal with the same issues, although different names may be given. For instance in civil law systems contract and tort would fall under a general law of obligations and trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions. Outside Europe international law may focus on different regional agreements, such as NAFTA, SAFTA CSN, ASEAN or the African Union. But it is the unity and the things that all legal systems have in common, not the differences, that is the most remarkable feature of law in today's world.

Criminal law is the most familiar kind of law that we hear about from the papers, or news on TV, despite its relatively small part in the legal whole. A crime is committed, when somebody has both the mens rea (guilty mind) and commits an actus reus (guilty act). If somebody maliciously intends to harm another, that is the mens rea. An actus reus simply means hurting a person or their belongings. There can be many different kinds of crime, from murder, to assault, to fraud, to theft.

In some areas, criminal law is moving towards strict liability for some types of harm. In the case of environmental harm, or corporate manslaughter, where big businesses are controlled by an individually culprit, criminal sanctions can still be used. Some industrialised countries still have capital punishment and torture for criminal activity, but the normal punishment for a crime will be imprisonment, fines, or community service. On the international field, most developed countries have signed up to the International Criminal Court, which was set up to try people for crimes against humanity.
Contract is based on the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda (literally, promises must be kept). Almost everyone makes contracts everyday. Contracts can be made orally, like buying a newspaper, or in writing, like signing a contract of employment. Sometimes formalities, like writing, are required to create a contract, like buying a house[3].
2006-12-16 10:13 pm
法律即人類在社會層次的規則,社會上人與人之間關係的規範,以正義為其存在的基礎,以國家的強制力為其實施的手段者。

關於一定範圍內社會問題的規則
由國家(地區)政權制定;國家強制力保障實行;
可以在司法機構被用作判斷案件的根據
應該公正,體現一定條件下的正義觀念。(條件不同,人們的正義觀念會不同。)



法律的目的
西方學者認為,人天生是自由的,但又需要一套法規以維持社會秩序,因此創立了法律,並建立了負責執行法律的公共機構(政府)。政府和人民在法律層面是對立的:政府的權力越大,人民的自由就越少。為了防範政府侵害人民的自由,法律對政府和人民的要求剛剛相反:對人民來說,法律沒有說不能做的,就可以做;對政府來說,法律沒有說能做的,就不能做。


法律的概念
廣義的法律是指法的整體,包括法律、有法律效力的解釋及其行政機關為執行法律而制定的規範性文件(如規章)。
狹義的法律專指擁有立法權的國家機關依照立法程序制定的規範性文件。
在三權分立的國家,由行政機關為執行法律而制定的行政命令僅對該行政機關之公務員有拘束力,除法規命令外,原則上行政機關所制訂之行政規則對於人民均不發生拘束力。而限制人民自由權利之法律必須由人民所選舉之立法機關制定之(即後者)。


法律運行

立法
立法是指擁有立法權的國家機關,按照法律規定的程序制定法律法規的行為。


執法
執法是指執法部門按照法律的規定,執行法律的實施,維護法律次序,從而保持國家正常運行的行為。


司法
司法是一個國家法律體系的重要組成部分,是使法律規範轉化為現實的法律實踐。現代司法制度及原理主要是圍繞著審判權的行使、法院的職權及司法獨立的保障、法官制度及訴訟程序。廣義的司法,指與立法和行政相對的、通過適用具體法律規範解決糾紛的一種國家的專門活動。除法院以外的許多國家機關或機構也承擔著一定的司法功能。一個國家的司法系統,首先是由憲法和相關法律所確定的,但是,除了法定的司法機關外,往往還有據習慣或功能標準。

法制監督
法制監督是一切國家機關、政治或社會團體和公民對法制全部運行過程的合法性所進行的監察、制控和督導。

法律的解釋
法律解釋是指當法律條文有爭議時由誰負責去解釋和澄清。當代有兩大主流:「立法解釋」和「司法解釋」(中國大陸還有一種「行政解釋」,即由行政機關訂立的規則由該機關自行解釋。但行政機關能訂立的只是低層次的法律,不在討論之列)。「立法解釋」是指由訂立法律的立法機關解釋,一般只存在於大陸法系的國家(例如中國大陸);「司法解釋」是指由司法機關根據法律字面的含意去解釋,是普通法系國家普遍的做法。支持立法解釋的認為,由立法者解釋法律較能符合立法者的原意。支持司法解釋的認為,普通公民不是立法者,無法確切知道立法者的原意;而且法律往往是政治妥協的產物,所謂立法原意根本無法準確知道,因此他們只能按照法律的字面意義去遵守,要求他們遵守法律背後的原意是對他們不公平。

法的分類
目前,關於如何分科或依據什麼標準分科,在各國法學著作中還沒有一致的觀點。


國內法
侵權行為法
刑事訴訟法
人身權法
物權法
債權法
民事訴訟法
立法法
行政法
行政訴訟法
金融法
勞工法
證券法
破產法
稅法
公平交易法
海商法
公司法
財產法
保險法
繼承法
契約法
環境法
票據法
憲法
智慧財產權法或知識產權法
社會秩序維護法

國際法

國際公法
國際海洋法
國際私法
國際經濟法
國際貿易法

法律體系
法律體系
普通法系
典範
美國法
英國法
中國香港法律體系
法的基本態樣
習慣法
衡平法
歐陸法系
典範
羅馬法
德國法
法國法
中華民國法律體系
中華人民共和國法律體系
法的基本態樣
公法
私法
伊斯蘭法系
東亞法系
典範
《唐律》
《清律》
中國傳統法律體系
日本傳統法律體系
韓國傳統法律體系
社會主義國家法系

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