english+5點數

. Simple Present Tense ﹝一般現在時態﹞
動詞的一般現在時態的形態是：動詞的現在式

動詞主要有四種形式：
1. 現在式 Present Tense Form
2. 現在分詞 Present Participle﹝簡稱pr.p﹞
3. 過去式 Past Tense Form
4. 過去分詞 Past Participle﹝簡稱p.p﹞

動詞的一般現在時態主要表示：

(1) 現在的動作或狀態；
(2) 經常性的動作或狀態。
現在：We go now.
Do we go now?
He goes now.
Does he go now?

Present Perfect Tense
動詞的現在完成時態的形態是：

have / has + 動詞的過去分詞
動詞的現在完成時態表示：

(1) 已經完成但與現在仍有關聯的動作或狀態；
(2) 過去已經開始並持續到現在的動作或狀態；
(3) 經驗過的動作或狀態。
例如：

I have written a letter now.
﹝我現在已寫完一封信。﹞
I have written a letter this morning.
﹝我今早己寫完一封信。﹞

* 如果說話時仍屬早上，句子是對的。

I have written a letter this week.
﹝我今個星期己寫完一封信。﹞

* 如果說話時仍屬這個星期，句子是對的。

I have written a letter this month.
﹝我今個月己寫完一封信。﹞

* 如果說話時仍屬這個月，句子是對的。

I have written a letter yesterday. ﹝錯誤﹞

* 說話時不屬於昨天，句子是錯的。

應說：I wrote a letter yesterday.﹝我昨天寫了一封信。﹞

Has he gone?﹝他已走了嗎〈剛走了嗎〉？﹞
Yes, he has gone.﹝他已走了〈剛走了〉。﹞
No, he has not gone.﹝他仍未走。﹞

以下句子犯了邏輯上的錯誤：

When has he gone?﹝他何時候剛走了？﹞ ﹝錯誤﹞

* 錯誤有：1. 文法上的錯誤Grammatical mistake
2. 邏輯上的錯誤Logical mistake

既然說「剛走」，又怎能問「何時走」呢！

應說：When did he go?﹝他何時走了。﹞

He went yesterday.﹝他昨天走了。﹞


動詞的現在完成時態不能與 "when" 這個疑問副詞同用，
與其他疑問副詞同用則可，如：

Where has he gone?﹝他剛到哪裏去？﹞

Why has he gone?﹝他為何剛走了？﹞

How has he gone?﹝他剛才怎樣走的？﹞


當我跟你說：

I have gone.﹝我已走了。﹞﹝錯誤﹞

You have gone.﹝你己走了。﹞﹝錯誤﹞

He has gone.﹝他已走了。﹞﹝正確﹞

* 頭兩句犯了邏輯上的錯誤。

I have come.﹝我已來了。﹞﹝正確﹞

You have come.﹝你已來了。﹞﹝正確﹞

He has come.﹝他已來了。﹞﹝正確﹞


現在式 現在分詞 過去式 過去分詞
be(am,are,is) being was/were been

Where have you been?﹝你去過哪裏？﹞
I have been to City Hall.﹝我去過大會堂。﹞
I have been to school.﹝我上學回來。﹞

I have been to the school.﹝我到過學校。﹞

*"to school"為上課而到學校；"to the school"為其他目的而到學校。
I have been to market.﹝我買菜回來。﹞

I have been to the market.﹝我到過菜市場。﹞
I have been to hospital.﹝我看病回來。﹞

I have been to the hospital.﹝我到過醫院〈多指探病〉。﹞

Present simple is about the things you usually do.Habit, or things in general .
formular : verb (+ s/es)
hint words : always / never / sometimes / usually / often . . .
eg.Sugar is sweet.(in general , everyone knows that)
He usually goes to church on Sunday.

Present perfect tense is about the results of an action in the present that caused by the past without a finished time.
formular : has/have + verb (p.p)
hint words : since / yet
eg.I have lost my key.(happened already without a finished time)
The world has developed quickly since past 50 years.

2006-11-22 17:32:17 補充：
* Don't use Present Perfect with a finished time *eg. X I've seen John yesterday.O I've seen John.O I saw John yesterday.

2006-11-22 17:47:50 補充：
I have written a letter now .=> I'm not sure if it is correct .should be: I have written a letter.(You're now talking about you've already finished writting the letter )If you saw the word "now" , it means the things is happening right at the moment.

FORM Present Perfect Continuous

[HAS / HAVE] + [BEEN] + [VERB+ing]

EXAMPLES:

I have been waiting here for two hours.

She has only been studying English for two years.

NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Present Perfect Continuous (has been studying), adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (has only been studying).


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USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes", "for two weeks", and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

EXAMPLES:

They have been talking for the last hour.

She has been working at that company for three years.

James has been teaching at the University since June.


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USE 2 Recently, Lately

You can use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for five minutes", "for two weeks", and "since Tuesday". Without the durations, the this tense gives a more general meaning of "lately". We often use the words "lately" or "recently" in the sentence to strengthen this meaning.

EXAMPLES:

Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

She has been watching too much television lately.

Mary has been feeling a little depressed.


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IMPORTANT

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently.";; If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it suggests that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" suggests that you can smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear, or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.


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FORM Present Perfect

[HAS / HAVE] + [past participle]

EXAMPLES:
I have seen that movie many times.

I have never seen that movie.

NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Present Perfect (have seen), adverbs usually come between the first part and the second part (have never seen).


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USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with time expressions such as "yesterday," "one year ago," "last week," "when I was a chlid," "when I lived in Japan," "at that moment," "that day" or "one day." We CAN use the Present Perfect with expressions like "ever," "never," "once," "many times," "several times," "before," "so far," "already" and "yet."

EXAMPLES:


I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

Has there ever been a war in the United States?
Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

People have traveled to the moon.