English Grammar...

Participle is a verbal adjective.

Present Participle 用法:

1. Adjective Phrases

e.g. The girl [sitting] in the corner is my friend.

2. Phrases expressing reasons or time

e.g. [Feeling] unwell, Mary took a day off. (reason)

- when one action is immediately followed by another by the same subject, the first action can often be expressed by a present particple

e.g. [Going] up the hill, they saw a big Buddha statue. (time)
= After they had gone up the hill, the saw a big Buddha statue.

Past participle :

- 表達一個completed and passive action

e.g. 1) a [burnt] house
2) [Scolded] by her father, she felt very sad.

Present perfect tense 的2個用法:

1) past actions with unknown time of completion
2) actions beginning in the past and continuing up to the present

Past perfect tense 的2個用法:

1) The earlier activity in two performed activities (2個past action, 做先的用past perfect, 做後的用simple past)
e.g. The robber [had escapped] when the police [arrived]. (escapped先,arrived後)
2) Indirect speech - original statement: present perfect tense
e.g. Direct speech: He said, "I've finished my work."
Indirect speech: He said that he [had finished] his work.

Hope you can understand.

very good.