有關ECON 的real GDP , nominal GDP 及Money的M1,M2,M3 !!

The difference between REAL GDP and NOMINAL GDP is the price level / index.

When we want to measure real growth in the economy we have to adjust for the effects of inflation. Real GDP measures the volume of output produced within the economy. An increase in real output means that AGGREGATE DEMAND has risen faster than the rate of price inflation and therefore the economy is experiencing positive economic growth. 生產總值是由NOMINAL GDP扣除inflation / price index, 才能計算出REAL GDP.

Eg. The data below shows national output expressed at current prices (i.e. not adjusted for inflation) between 1995 and 2000. The nominal (or current) value of GDP has grown each year - indeed, in monetary terms, national output at the end of 2000 was 31% higher than at the start of 1995. But some of this is simply the result of higher prices in the economy. Making an adjustment for inflation (shown in the data below by the increase in the general price index) gives a figure for real GDP expressed at constant 1995 prices.

Year, Index of GDP at current price (1995=100), Index (1995=100), Index of Real GDP at constant Prices (1995=100)
1995 100.0 100.0 100.0
1996 105.9 103.3 102.6
1997 112.8 106.3 106.0
1998 119.3 109.5 109.1
1999 124.8 112.0 111.5
2000 130.9 114.0 114.8

看2000年那行, 在2000年, GDP是$130.9, 而那時的物價指數是114.0(相等於1995年時的100), 即是說有14%inflation存在, 而生產總值卻上升了30.9,去到130.9(相等於1995年時的100), 將生產總值130.9除114的物價指數, 真正的生產總值只是上升了14.8,去到114.8(相等於1995年時的100)
所以你要明白, REAL GDP 及 NOMINAL GDP的分別, 是在price index上

Money supply definition :
M1 : The sume of legal tender notes and coins held by the public + customers' demand deposits placed with banks.
M2 : M1 + customers' savings and time deposits with banks + negotiable certificates of deposit (NCDs) issued by banks held outside the banking sector.
M3 : M2 + customers' deposits with restricted licence banks and deposit-taking companies + NCDs issued by these institutions held outside the banking sector.

其實real gdp 同nominal gdp分別係
real( 上年或一個basic year price x 今年個goods)
nominal (今年個price x 今年個goods)
即real gdp hold price is unchanged
nominal price is changed
即real gdp上升代表 goods今年上升左
而nominal gdp上升可以推出,goods上升,下跌 or不變

如price跌%大過goods升%=nominal gdp下跌

GDP is measured in money terms . However , an increase in GDP can be caused by an increase in market price , or an increase in the volume of production or increase in both
That is the nominal GDP

To remove the effect of changes in prices , we only measure the real output amount , that is the real GDP.

M1= Currency in public circulation + demand deposits

M2= M1 + savings deposit + time deposits with licened banks +
negotiable certificate of deposits with licened banks

M3= M2 + time deposits with restricted licened banks +
negotiable certificate of deposits with restricted licened banks and deposit-taking
company