肺結核是否叫 TB

TB (Tubercule bacillus) = Tuberculosis ( not tubuculosis), and is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis.
No TB B or TBP. But pTB stand for pulmonary tuberculosis (ie TB lung)

TB = Tubuculosis
I dont know about TBP, but I guess TB B is Tubuculosis bacillus (桿菌)
sometimes, we use the phase AFB in lab "acid fast bacillus"

Yes
TB = Tubuculosis