✔ 最佳答案
共有屬性
生物的共有屬性包括:
移動性
營養
呼吸
生長
繁殖
應激性
適應性
這些屬性並非普遍存在,例如許多生物無法獨立移動(儘管植物的生長可以被看作移動的一種)並且無法直接對環境變化產生反應。微生物比如細菌無法進行呼吸。另外很多生物的個體無法進行繁殖-儘管它們所屬的物種可以繁殖。
1.呼吸是指人和高等動物的機體同外界環境進行氣體(主要為氧和二氧化碳)交換的整個過程。在人和高等動物有內呼吸與外呼吸之分。前者指組織細胞與體液之間的氣體交換過程,後者指血液與外界空氣之間的氣體交換過程。一般所稱呼吸系指外呼吸。外呼吸由胸廓的節律性擴大和縮小,以及由此引起的肺被動的擴張(吸氣)、回縮(呼氣)和歇息而實現。健康成年人安靜時每分鐘約16至18次,而小童每分鐘約20至30次,每次吸入和呼出氣體約各為500毫升。人在各種不同條件下其呼吸型式亦不同。以肋骨運動為主者稱為「胸式呼吸」,以膈和腹壁肌運動為主者稱為「腹式呼吸」。
2.繁殖,或生殖,是透過生物的方法製造生物個體的過程。繁殖是所有生命都有的基本現象之一。每個現存的個體都是上一代繁殖所得來的結果。已知的繁殖方法可分為兩大類:有性繁殖與及無性繁殖。
無性繁殖的過程只牽涉一個個體,例如細菌用細胞分裂的方法進行無性繁殖。無性繁殖並不局限於單細胞生物。多數的植物都可進行無性繁殖。常見的無性繁殖有營養生殖、出芽生殖、(無性)孢子生殖等。通過離體植物組織培養,也是一種無性繁殖的手段。
而有性繁殖則牽涉兩個屬於不同性別的個體。例如人類的繁殖就是一種有性繁殖。一般來說,高等生物都是透過有性繁殖的,而低等生體則多是透過無性繁殖。
3.應激性是指在新陳代謝的基礎上,生物體對外界刺激都能產生一定的反應。
生物界中應激性的例子
植物的根能夠向地生長,是植物對重力的刺激的反應。如果把植物放到失重環境,則根不會出現向下生長,而是向四面八方生長。
人在看到文字、圖像時產生的各種反應也屬於應激性。
4.排泄作用是指生物體將代謝廢物排出體外的作用,是所有生物生存的必要過程。單細胞生物透過細胞表面排出廢物.高級植物以葉面上的氣孔排氣。多細胞生物則有特別的排泄器官。人類的主要排泄器官是腎以及輔助的泌尿器-用以排出尿液(見泌尿系統);以及大腸-用以排出固體的廢物。 皮膚及肺部皆有排泄的功能:皮膚以流汗的方式排走水分及鹽,肺部則排出水蒸氣及二氧化碳。
5.Growth can mean increase in spatial number or complexity for concrete entities in time or increase in some other dimension for abstract or hard-to-measure entities. It can also refer to the mode of growth, i.e. how growth parameters themselves vary with time:
Cell growth
Individual growth
Fungal growth
Auxology (Human development)
Human development (biology)
Growth "spurt" (rapid change in puberty)
Human development (psychology)
Population growth
Bacterial growth
Tumours can sometimes be referred to as a growth
Growth hormone
Economic growth
For financial growth due to simple interest or compound interest see Interest
Personal growth, i.e., Personal development
Mode
Logistic growth
Exponential growth
6.
Nutrition science studies the relationship between diet and states of health and disease. Dieticians are Health professionals who are specialized in this area of expertise, highly trained to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice and interventions.
Between the extremes of optimal health and death from starvation or malnutrition, there is an array of disease states that can be caused or alleviated by changes in diet. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances in diet can produce negative impacts on health, which may lead to diseases such as scurvy, obesity or osteoporosis, as well as psychological and behavioral problems. Moreover, excessive ingestion of elements that have no apparent role in health, (e.g. lead, mercury, PCBs, dioxins), may incur toxic and potentially lethal effects, depending on the dose. The science of nutrition attempts to understand how and why specific dietary aspects influence health.
7.
Movement may refer to:
Motion, change in position
Locomotion, active movement or travel
Transport, the movement of people, goods, signals and information
Defecation, sometimes called a bowel movement
Movement (clockwork), all the main parts of a watch
Nastic movements, rapid, reversible responses to non-directional stimuli
Intermittent mechanism, the device by which film is regularly advanced in a movie camera or projector
Wh-movement, a syntactic phenomenon
Movements (sacred dances), collected or authored by G. I. Gurdjieff
The Movement (literature), writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, et. al