可以列舉一些食物疾病(food disease)的例子嗎?

Common ones:

The most commonly recognized foodborne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7, and by a group of viruses called calicivirus, also known as the Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses.

Campylobacter is a bacterial pathogen that causes fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. It is the most commonly identified bacterial cause of diarrheal illness in the world. These bacteria live in the intestines of healthy birds, and most raw poultry meat has Campylobacter on it. Eating undercooked chicken, or other food that has been contaminated with juices dripping from raw chicken is the most frequent source of this infection.

Salmonella is also a bacterium that is widespread in the intestines of birds, reptiles and mammals. It can spread to humans via a variety of different foods of animal origin. The illness it causes, salmonellosis, typically includes fever, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. In persons with poor underlying health or weakened immune systems, it can invade the bloodstream and cause life-threatening infections.

E. coli O157:H7 is a bacterial pathogen that has a reservoir in cattle and other similar animals. Human illness typically follows consumption of food or water that has been contaminated with microscopic amounts of cow feces. The illness it causes is often a severe and bloody diarrhea and painful abdominal cramps, without much fever. In 3% to 5% of cases, a complication called hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur several weeks after the initial symptoms. This severe complication includes temporary anemia, profuse bleeding, and kidney failure.

Calicivirus, or Norwalk-like virus is an extremely common cause of foodborne illness, though it is rarely diagnosed, because the laboratory test is not widely available. It causes an acute gastrointestinal illness, usually with more vomiting than diarrhea, that resolves within two days. Unlike many foodborne pathogens that have animal reservoirs, it is believed that Norwalk-like viruses spread primarily from one infected person to another. Infected kitchen workers can contaminate a salad or sandwich as they prepare it, if they have the virus on their hands. Infected fishermen have contaminated oysters as they harvested them.

Some common diseases are occasionally foodborne, even though they are usually transmitted by other routes. These include infections caused by Shigella, hepatitis A, and the parasites Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidia. Even strep throats have been transmitted occasionally through food.

In addition to disease caused by direct infection, some foodborne diseases are caused by the presence of a toxin in the food that was produced by a microbe in the food. For example, the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus can grow in some foods and produce a toxin that causes intense vomiting. The rare but deadly disease botulism occurs when the bacterium Clostridium botulinum grows and produces a powerful paralytic toxin in foods. These toxins can produce illness even if the microbes that produced them are no longer there.

Other toxins and poisonous chemicals can cause foodborne illness. People can become ill if a pesticide is inadvertently added to a food, or if naturally poisonous substances are used to prepare a meal. Every year, people become ill after mistaking poisonous mushrooms for safe species, or after eating poisonous reef fishes.

(1) 熱量

熱量可用來支持人體的活動。
卡路里和焦耳都是量度熱量的單位，1卡路里等於4.2焦耳。
1000卡路里(1 000 calories)等如1千卡(1 kcal)，一般稱為1大卡(1 Calorie)。
從膳食中攝取的熱量主要來自碳水化合物、蛋白質和脂肪。
健康人士每日所需的熱量，要視乎年齡、性別、體重及活躍程度等因素而定。

(2) 碳水化合物
碳水化合物是日常飲食中熱量的主要來源，也是身體熱量來源的首選。
每克碳水化合物提供4千卡路里。
碳水化合物可分為糖(包括單糖和雙糖)、澱粉質及膳食纖維三大類。
糖類、糖漿和蜜糖都含豐富的單糖或雙糖；穀物和根莖類蔬菜含豐富的澱粉質及膳食纖維。
由於糖與蛀牙及攝取過多熱量有密切關係，所以不應過量進食糖。

(3) 蛋白質

蛋白質是維持人體生長發育和修補身體細胞組織必需的營養素。
蛋白質亦可提供熱量；每克蛋白質可提供4千卡路里。
肉類、奶類、蛋類及豆類都含豐富的蛋白質。

(4) 脂肪

脂肪又名為甘油三酸酯，是脂質類的一種。
脂肪是高熱量的來源，每克脂肪可提供9千卡路里。
脂肪負責運送脂溶性維他命(即維他命A、D、 E及K)。
脂肪可分為飽和脂肪、單元不飽和脂肪及多元不飽和脂肪。
煮食油脂和煮食油，以及牛油、植物牛油、沙律醬、煎炸食品和高脂肪動物製品都含豐富的脂肪。
攝取過量脂肪，尤其是飽和脂肪，與一些嚴重的健康問題有關，如增加患上心臟病、肥胖症及某類癌症的風險。

(5) 膽固醇

膽固醇是固醇，固醇屬於脂質類。
膽固醇只在動物體內產生，植物並不會含有膽固醇。
膽固醇的主要功用是建造細胞膜和製造某些荷爾蒙。
高脂食物的膽固醇含量不一定高。反之，有些低脂食物（例如魷魚）也可能含大量的膽固醇。
含有豐富膽固醇的食物包括蛋、動物內臟、軟體動物、魷魚、墨魚、豬油和動物脂肪。
攝取過量膽固醇會增加患上心臟病的風險。

(6) 膳食纖維

膳食纖維只來自植物。
膳食纖維可分為可溶性纖維和不溶性纖維兩大類。
膳食纖維可促進排便功能，又能提供其他健康方面的益處，例如幫助控制體重和血膽固醇水平。
含豐富膳食纖維的食物包括穀物及穀物製品、乾果、堅果、蔬菜和水果。

(7) 鈉

經飲食攝入的鈉主要來自食鹽。
鈉的主要功用是調節體液及其酸鹼值的平衡。
由於攝取過量的鈉會增加患上高血壓的風險，故不應過量進食鈉。

(8) 鈣

要促進骨骼及牙齒健康，鈣是非常重要的。
奶、芝士、乳酪、深綠色蔬菜和豆類都含豐富的鈣。
攝取鈣不足可導致骨質密度減少。隨年齡增長，患上骨質疏鬆症的風險亦被提高。

(9) 鐵

鐵的主要功用是製造紅血球內的血紅蛋白。
瘦肉(如豬、牛、羊)、蛋類、豆類、全穀物和深綠色蔬菜都含豐富的鐵。
攝取過少的鐵可導致貧血。

(10) 維他命A

維他命A可促進良好視力及生長發育。
肝臟、蛋黃、奶、芝士、菠菜、南瓜和木瓜都含豐富的維他命A。
缺乏維他命A可引致夜盲症。

(11) 維他命C

維他命C的主要功用是預防壞血病及幫助傷口癒合。
維他命C也是一種重要的抗氧化劑，被認為可幫助減低患上某些癌症及其他慢性疾病的風險。
含豐富維他命C的食物包括橙、西柚、奇異果、士多啤梨、蕃茄和菠菜。

(12) 維他命D

人體可從陽光照射下製造大部分的維他命D。然而，食物也能提供少量的維他命D。
維他命D的主要功用是維持骨骼健康。
魚肝油、蛋黃、全脂奶及乳類製品都含豐富的維他命D。
缺乏維他命D可導致佝僂病。