英文串字有那些 Spelling rules ??

Spelling Rules
To understand these spelling rules, the following vocabulary is required.
VOWELS — the letters a, e, i, o and u are vowels.
CONSONANTS — the other 21 letters of the alphabet.
SUFFIX — element added to the end of a word
SYLLABLE — a word or section of a word with a single sound STRESS — the emphasis given to a syllable
Some spelling rules are worth learning; others are too complicated or have too many exceptions. Instead of learning ALL the rules, focus on learning rules which address your particular spelling problems.
1. ‘ie’ or ‘ei’
Write i before e, except after c.
achieve, believe, friend
receive, receipt, perceive
Write ie after c for words with a shen sound.
ancient, efficient, sufficient, conscience
Write ei when the vowels DO NOT RHYME with
‘tee’.
neighbour, vein, either, neither, foreign, height
TO MEMORISE: weird, seize
2. ‘s’ or ‘es’
Add es if a word ends in ch, sh, ss, x or z.
arch — arches, clash — clashes,
class — classes, box — boxes, fizz — fizzes
Add es for most words that end in o.
tomato — tomatoes, hero — heroes,
go — goes, do -does, echo — echoes
TO MEMORISE: pianos, sopranos, altos, solos
3. ‘y’ to ‘i’ or not
For words ending in y preceded by a vowel, retain the y
when adding s or a suffix.
monkey — monkeys, donkey — donkeys
For words ending in y, retain the y when adding ing.
try — trying, justify — justifying,
certify — certifying, mystify — mystifying
For words ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change
the y to i before any other suffix
try — tried, justify — justifies,
certify — certifiable, mystify — mystified.
EXCEPTIONS: Words such as dryness and slyness,
4. to drop or not to drop the
final ‘e’
DROP the e when the suffix starts with a vowel.
save — savable, use — usable
T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f
NEW ENGLAND
DO NOT DROP the e if the word ends in ce or ge.
manage — manageable, trace — traceable
DROP the e when the word ends in dge.
judge — judgment,
acknowledge, acknowledgment
DROP the final e when adding -ing
save — saving, manage — managing,
trace — tracing, judge, judging
5. ‘t ‘ or ‘tt’ when adding -ing or
-ed to verbs
DOUBLE the t for verbs of one syllable with a single
vowel, or a short vowel sound.
rot — rotting, rotted, blur — blurring, blurred
DO NOT DOUBLE the t for verbs of one syllable with
a double vowel or a long vowel sound.
treat — treating, treated,
greet — greeting, greeted
DOUBLE the t for verbs of more than one syllable
when the stress is on the last syllable.
commit — committing, committed,
emit — emitting emitted
6 ‘r ‘ or ‘rr’ when adding -ing or
-ed to verbs
DOUBLE the r for verbs of one syllable when the final
r is preceded by a single vowel.
tar — tarring, tarred, scar — scarring, scarred
DO NOT DOUBLE the r for verbs of one syllable
when the final r is preceded by a double vowel.
fear — fearing, feared, roar — roaring, roared
DO NOT DOUBLE the r for words of more than one
syllable, when the stress falls on the first syllable.
prosper — prospered, prospering
DOUBLE the r for words of more than one syllable
when the stress does not fall on the first syllable.
refer — referred, referring,
occur — occurred, occurring
7. l or ll when adding -ing or -ed
to verbs
DOUBLE the l when it is preceded by a single vowel.
enrol — enrolling, enrolled,
travel — travelling, travelled
DO NOT DOUBLE the l when it is preceded by a
double vowel.
reel — reeling, reeled,
conceal — concealing, concealed,
8. dropping letters
Many words drop a letter when adding a suffix, but it is
not always the final letter. Many of these words simply
have to be memorised.
argue — argument, proceed — procedure,
humour — humorous,
disaster — disastrous, repeat — repetition,
administer — administration.
9. -able or -ible
These are used to form adjectives, but there is no clear
rule. Many of these also have to be memorised.
negligible, incredible, invisible, sensible,
admirable, preventable
.