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在神聖羅馬皇帝卡爾五世的統治下, 現在荷蘭和比利時的區域叫作荷蘭7省。在1648年,從西班牙獲得獨立之後,荷蘭發展成為17世紀航海和貿易強國。荷蘭在世界各地建立殖民地和貿易據點。這段時期在荷蘭被稱為「黃金年代」。
在1815年被拿破崙統治的法國佔領結束後,荷蘭和現在的比利時、盧森堡組成荷蘭王國。比利時很快在1830年獨立,盧森堡也緊隨其後。19世紀中,荷蘭相對於其鄰國比較落後。
荷蘭在一戰中保持中立。荷蘭在二戰中自1940年5月被德國佔領直至1945年才被解放。戰後,荷蘭經濟再度繁榮發展。荷蘭是比(利時)荷(蘭)盧(森堡)經濟聯盟、歐洲經濟共同體和北約的成員。
於1954年,荷蘭通過《荷蘭王國章程》,使荷蘭的原殖民地和屬地在王國內與荷蘭本土享有同等地位。自此荷蘭王國專指由荷蘭本土及其前殖民地組成部份的王國,而「荷蘭」則專指歐洲大陸荷蘭。現時荷蘭王國包括三個部份,分別是歐洲大陸荷蘭、荷屬安的列斯和阿魯巴。
The Netherlands (Dutch: Nederland (IPA: [ˈne:dərlɑnt])) is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninkrijk der Nederlanden), which is formed by the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy, located in northwestern Europe. It is bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east. The current borders were established in 1839.
The Netherlands is often referred to by the name Holland. This is not terminologically precise, since the provinces of North and South Holland in the western Netherlands are only two of the country's twelve provinces. (For more on this and other naming issues see Netherlands (terminology).)
The Netherlands is a densely populated and geographically low-lying country (its name literally means "low countries" or "low lands") and is popularly known for its windmills, clogs (wooden shoes), dikes, tulips, bicycles and social tolerance. Its policies are liberal towards drugs, prostitution, same-sex marriage, abortion and euthanasia. The country is host to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court at The Hague.