5.What was the Ottoman Empire?

A cinema in the Balls Pond Road

Ottoman Empire equals to Turkey.The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: دولتِ عَليه عُثمانيه Devlet-i Âliye-i Osmâniyye; literally, "The Sublime Ottoman State", modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu), also sometimes known as the Turkish Empire, existed from 1299 to 1922...
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The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Turkish: دولتِ عَليه عُثمانيه Devlet-i Âliye-i Osmâniyye; literally, "The Sublime Ottoman State", modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu), also sometimes known as the Turkish Empire, existed from 1299 to 1922. At the height of its power in the 16th and 17th centuries, its territory included Anatolia, the Middle East, parts of North Africa, and much of south-eastern Europe to the Caucasus. It comprised an area of about 5.6 million km²[1], though it controlled a much larger area, if adjoining areas dominated mainly by nomadic tribes, where the empire's suzerainty was recognized, are included. The empire interacted with both Eastern and Western cultures throughout its 600-year history.

The Ottoman Empire was established by the Kayı tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia and was ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty, the descendants of those Turks. It was founded by Osman I (1299-1326) (Arabic: عُثمَان ʿUthmān; hence the name Ottoman Empire). In 1453, following the capture of Constantinople (modern İstanbul) from the Byzantine Empire, the city became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire, under the name Kostantiniyye (قسطنطنيه), with variations on the name soon cropping up: (در سعادت Dersaadet, در عاليه Derâliye, پایتخت Pâyitaht[2]). Islambol, meaning "full of Islam" and under which the Turks had known the city since the 11th century, was another variation on the name "Istanbul".

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities, with the powers of eastern Europe constantly threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Its navy was also a powerful force in the Mediterranean. On several occasions, the Ottoman army invaded central Europe, laying siege to Vienna in 1529 and again in 1683 in an attempt to conquer the Habsburg domain, and was only finally repulsed by great coalitions of European powers at sea and on land. It was the only non-European power to seriously challenge the rising power of the West between the 15th and 20th centuries, to such an extent that it became an integral part of European balance of power politics.

The dissolution of the empire was a direct consequence of World War I, when the Allied Powers defeated the Central Powers in Europe as well as the Ottoman forces in the Middle East. At the end of the war, the Ottoman government collapsed and the empire was conquered and divided among the victorious powers. Subsequent years saw the declaration of new states from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire, whose central lands became the Republic of Turkey. The members of the ruling Osmanlı family were subsequently exiled from Turkey in 1923 and 1924 for political reasons. In 1974, after 50 years, the Turkish Parliament granted the right to re-acquire Turkish citizenship for the family descendants, which they all did in the following decades in a process completed by the citizenship of the head of the family, Ertuğrul Osman V in 2004.